The use of reasonable and necessary force to defend oneself may be a valid defence. Similarly, reasonable and proportionate action to defend another person or property which is essential for their survival, against an imminent and unlawful use of force may also provide a defence to criminal responsibility in certain circumstances. Punished or pardoned for the crime or act Specially trained staff deal with asylum claims from children and will also deal with those cases where exclusion is being considered in respect of a child claimant. One of the ways in which the Prison Service is easing overcrowding is to use the private sector to run existing prisons or to design and build new prisons which they then run (designed, contracted, managed and financed (DCMF) by contractors under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The prison population in England and Wales is now 87,196 (04/2010). These prisoners are held in 139 prisons, remand centres and young offenders institutions run by over 52,000 staff, of whom approximately 21,000 are uniformed prison officers. The Scottish Prison Service1 holds about 8,000 prisoners in 16 establishments with 4,007 staff (03/09). Both services also have training colleges, stores and headquarters. At present there are 11 private prisons operated by the private sector companies in England and Wales and 2 in Scotland. A further 4 new prisons are being planned by 2014. Prison service estate and categorisation Levels of C&R competence are a very important part of the prison services' approach to controlling violence from prisoners. Two levels of C&R training/competence exist:

Article 1F is intended to exclude individuals from the protection of the Refugee Convention where there are serious reasons to consider that they have committed certain serious crimes and they are avoiding being brought to international or national justice to be held to account for their actions. It is designed to protect the host state and the integrity of the asylum process from abuse but is not a punitive measure and it must be applied responsibly, bearing in mind the humanitarian character of the Refugee Convention and the consequences of exclusion for the individual. Those excluded from refugee status under Article 1F will also normally be excluded from Humanitarian Protection. See Humanitarian Protection guidance. In England, Independant Monitoring Boards have in some respects similar functions to HMIP, but are concerned with an individual establishment and its well-being on a day to day basis. The Boards are made up of members of the local community appointed by the Home Secretary. They have complained to HSE in the past, in particular concerning cell sizes and the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (Workplace Regulations) (see para 52). They are one of the bodies to whom HSE inspectors can refer complaints from prisoners regarding their individual welfare. Every Board usually meets once a month and has an elected chair and vice chair. Prison Visiting Committees There have been inspectors of Prisons for many years. However the current HM Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP) was set up in the early 1980's under the Prison Act in response to a committee of inquiry into the UK prison services (the May Committee). In England and Wales, HM inspectors of prisons report to the Home Secretary, and in Scotland to the Scottish Government Cabinet Secretary for Justice. Their terms of reference are to inspect and report on prison service establishments, in particular on conditions in those establishments, the treatment of prisoners and the facilities available to them, and other such matters as the Secretaries of State may direct. This is done by periodic inspections of individual establishments and the investigation of particular incidents or situations, the findings being published in reports. They are also expected to submit annual reports before their respective Parliaments. They do not have specific enforcement powers under the Prison Acts. Simple linear regression is a technique that we can use to understand the relationship between a single explanatory variable and a single response variable. From the plot we can see that the relationship does appear to be linear. As hours increases, score tends to increase as well in a linear fashion.The UK is no longer bound by the EU Qualification Directive but it provides useful comparison for how other European countries approach exclusion and refoulement. Immigration Rules The guidance explains how each of these provisions should be applied in relation to claims being considered under Part 11 of the Immigration Rules in relation to a decision to either grant or revoke refugee status. Different definitions and Immigration Rules will apply depending on the date of the asylum claim / conviction. The definitions in the 2022 Act and current Immigration Rules will apply to asylum claims made on or after 28 June 2022. The amendments made to section 72 of the 2002 Act by section 38 of the 2022 Act (particularly serious crime) apply only in relation to a person convicted on or after 28 June 2022. Each DOM is accountable for all probation and prison delivery working with individual private and public prisons and reports performance to NOMS Board through Chief Operating Officer.

Violence to staff within the prison service is a major problem: assaults comprised of almost 25% of all injuries reported under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) to prison staff in England, Scotland and Wales from 2004/05 to 2008/09. Both prison services put a lot of effort into reducing the risks arising from this problem. Each prison in England and Wales has a local violence reduction strategy and follow agency instruction/PSO 2750. In Scotland, every prison has a duty to follow the current SPS national policy on violence, which is currently included in the 'Anti-Bullying' policy, presently under revision. (Likely to be re-issued as an 'Anti-Violence' policy in the near future). To fulfil this second aspect of the individual responsibility requirement (the ‘mens rea’ element: literally meaning ‘guilty mind’, one of the necessary elements of a crime in criminal law), the individual must have acted with both intent and knowledge. The person must have intended to engage in the conduct at issue or to bring about a In England and Wales, there are 3 ranks of uniformed officers: principal officer (2 pips on shoulder), senior officer (one pip on shoulder) and normal grade prison officers. There are 2 prison officer grades; Staff join as a Prison Officer 2, and must work for a year before they can undertake specialist duties such as interventions, dog handling etc. Otherwise the 2 grades generally perform the same roles. particular consequence (intent) and was aware that certain circumstances existed or knew that certain consequences would follow in the ordinary course of events (knowledge). In other words, the person knew what they were doing and had a fair understanding of its purpose.The International Criminal Court (ICC) Act 2001 incorporated Articles 6, 7 and 8 of the International Criminal Court (Rome) Statute into UK law. the length of time they remained in the organisation and what, if any, opportunities they had to leave it The Prison and Probation Ombudsman, is appointed by the Secretary of State for Justice, and is independent of the NOMS (including HM Prison Service). The Ombudsman will investigate complaints which are submitted by individual prisoners who have failed to obtain satisfaction from the Prison Service requests and complaints system and which are eligible in all other respects. The Ombudsman will investigate circumstances of individual complaints about deaths in custody]. However, the Ombudsman has discretion to accept complaints from third parties on behalf of prisoners where the individual is deceased or unable to act on their own behalf. The Ombudsman's terms of reference include contracted out prisons, contracted out services, including escorts and the actions of people working in prisons but not employed by NOMS. In Scotland, the Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission (SPCC) fulfills a similar role. It is independent from the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) and investigates complaints made by prisoners that have not been resolved through the internal complaints system of the SPS. It reports annually to the Cabinet Secretary for Justice. Fire precautions and cell fire rescue

has committed a crime against peace, a war crime, or a crime against humanity, as defined in the international instruments drawn up to make provision in respect of such crimes The policy intention in carefully considering and applying Article 1F or Article 33(2) of the Refugee Convention to an asylum claim, is to deny the benefits of refugee status to those who, through their own actions, do not deserve either the protection of the Extradition requests from other states are sent to the National Crime Agency (NCA: if they are from most European states) or to the United Kingdom Central Authority in the Home Office (UKCA: from all other states). An extradition request will contain information or evidence that the requested person has committed a serious offence abroad. This information or evidence may affect the consideration of any ongoing immigration process. The long term objective of the Prison service is to introduce engineering control measures such as in cell fire detection and sprinkler systems, but due to age and condition of the prison estates this will take a number of years to achieve. Fire Precautions ScotlandPart 11 of the Immigration Rules sets out the provisions for considering asylum claims and reflects our obligations under the Refugee Convention and domestic law.

This last point was clarified by the UK Supreme Court in JS (Sri Lanka) v SSHD [2010] UKSC 15. It said that the exclusion clauses of the Refugee Convention will apply if there are serious reasons for considering that the individual had voluntarily contributed in a significant way to the organisation’s ability to pursue its purpose of committing war crimes, aware that their assistance will in fact further that purpose. If the person was aware that in the ordinary course of events a particular consequence would follow from their actions, they would be taken to have acted with both knowledge and intent.Multiple R-squared: This number tells us the percentage of the variation in the exam scores can be explained by the number of hours studied. In general, the larger the R-squared value of a regression model the better the explanatory variables are able to predict the value of the response variable. In this case, 83.1% of the variation in scores can be explained hours studied. Under the International Criminal Court (Rome) Statute definitions (Articles 25 and 30), a person will have criminal responsibility if they aid, abet or otherwise assist in the commission or attempted commission of a war crime, crime against humanity or genocide with the intention of facilitating the commission of such a crime. In cases where exclusion from the Refugee Convention is not appropriate it may still be appropriate to exclude from a grant of Humanitarian Protection. See Humanitarian Protection for guidance on excluding individuals from Humanitarian Protection. Burden and standard of proof