Vishwanatha JK, Mallanna KN, Aradhya KM et al (1981) Genetic variability in a world collection of germplasm of foxtail millet, Setaria italic Beauv. Mysore J Agric Sci 15:234–238 Yadav VK, Kumar B, Yadav R, Malik N, Kumar J (2010) All India coordinated small millet improvement project. Ranichauri The Echinochloa species generally has potential resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, cultivated species such as E. esculenta and E. frumentacea are widely threatened by pest and diseases (i.e., shoot fly, stem borer, grain smut, and loose smut) at different growth stages of the crop ( Jain et al., 1997; Jagadish et al., 2008). Aphid’s infection at the vegetative stage causes considerable yield reduction to E. frumentacea. So far, DHBM 996 and TNEF-204 were found to be resistant genotypes for shoot fly and stem borer ( Rawat et al., 2019). Meanwhile, Kim et al. (2008) reported that some E. frumentacea accessions have the potential for antifeeding activity against brown plant hopper, which is among the major pests that affect rice production. On the other hand, loose smut ( Ustilago tritici) and grain smut ( Ustilago panici frumentacea) are major fungal diseases that affect the grain formation in both the cultivated species of Echinochloa ( Jain et al., 1997; Gupta et al., 2010a). A heavy infestation of smuts during head formation leads to a significant reduction in grain yield and quality ( Gupta et al., 2010a). However, Nagaraja and Mantur (2008) and Gupta et al. (2010a) showed that some of the E. esculenta accessions had the immunity against both smut diseases and further provide the chance to breed the resistance lines. Hariprasanna K (2016) Kodo millet, Paspalum scrobiculatum L. In: Millets and sorghum: biology and genetic improvement, pp 199–225 Chennaveeraiah MS, Hiremath SC (1991) Cytogenetics of minor millets. In: Gupta PK, Tsuchiya T (eds) Developments in plant genetics and breeding, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 613–627

Guo L, Qiu J, Ye CY et al (2017) Echinochloa crus-galli genome analysis provides insight into its adaptation and invasiveness as a weed. Nat Commun 8:1031 Hariprasanna K (2017) Foxtail millet, Setariaitalica (L.) P. Beauv. In: Patil JV (ed) Millets and sorghum: biology and genetic improvement, 1st edn. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp 112–149 Seetharam A, Gowda J, Halaswamy JH (2003) Small millets. In: Chowdhury SK, Lal SK (eds) Nucleus and breeder seed production manual. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, pp 54–67 Yadava HS, Jain AK (2006) Advances in kodo millet research. Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New DelhiNagarajan C, Raveendran TS (1985) Germplasm mobilization and utilization in finger millet in Tamil Nadu. In: National Seminar on Finger Millet. Genetics and Breeding, UAS, Bangalore Radhajeyalakshmi R, Yamunarani K, Seetharaman K, Velazhahan R (2003) Existence of thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) in seeds of cereals. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung 38:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1556/APhyt.38.2003.3-4.5

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2020.00500/full#supplementary-material Footnotes

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Genomic Resources and Utilization

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