All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Kenhub does not provide medical advice. You can learn more about our content creation and review standards by reading our content quality guidelines. Using a pair of insect pins, gently scrape off the setae that are attached to the cuticle surrounding the head. Gently press the head down with one insect pin while scraping the setae off with another ( Figure 2A and Figure 3E);

Do Butterflies Remember Being Caterpillars? » Science ABC Do Butterflies Remember Being Caterpillars? » Science ABC

The researchers think that these subtle differences in brain structures help keep the two butterfly lineages apart, contributing to their being two different species. It’s likely that the differences in brain structure impacts behavior such as foraging or mating, leading to divergent behaviors. The limbic system (includes; hippocampal formation, fornix, amygdala, insular cortex, and others) is involved in memory, olfaction, emotional behaviour and overall physiological balance of the body (homeostasis)

Despite having small brains, insects’ cognitive abilities are impressive. They can process a large set of information from their environment and adjust their behaviour accordingly [ 1]. Many species possess remarkable learning and memorisation skills [ 2, 3]. Examples of sophisticated behaviours include concept and category learning in honeybees [ 4], tool use in ants [ 5], facial pattern recognition in wasps [ 6, 7], and counting ability in bees [ 8, 9]. The subcortical structures are a group of diverse structures found deep within the brain. They include the diencephalon ( thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus), pituitary gland, limbic structures and the basal ganglia. CC = corpus callosum; EOR = extent of resection; KPS = Karnofsky Performance Status; bGBM = butterfly glioblastoma; butterfly glioblastoma; corpus callosum glioblastoma; resection.

Butterfly glioma - Neurosurgery Butterfly glioma - Neurosurgery

When butterflies go out for food, this same process is happening in their own brains in a specialized structure called the mushroom body. While humans boast an estimated 86 billion neurons, butterflies make good use of their 200,000. One species of butterfly, the Heliconius of Central and South America, is particularly good at navigating to their favorite food sources. Not only are they outstanding for their ability to remember visual markings in their environment, but their food preferences set them apart from all other closely related species. While most butterflies eat pollen at birth before maturing into a nectar-based diet, Heliconius butterflies continue to eat pollen throughout their lives. However, contrary to previous belief, rather than being reconstructed entirely, the butterfly is now seen as a remodeled caterpillar. CT imaging showed that some of the key structures remain relatively unchanged, barring a few adjustments to make the new body more efficient. Six of the eleven patients who underwent a decompression procedure had 100 % of the enhancing volume of tumor removed. Two of these six patients received palliative (comfort care) measures only and the remaining four survived from 265 to 1,018 days. onion bulb nerves: Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies Researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute compared the mushroom body size and behaviors of a tribe of 41 Heliconiini butterfly species. They found that Heliconius mushroom bodies were twice as large as those of their nearest ancestor, the Eueides, and four times as large as their second closest relative, the Dryadula phaetusa. By creating 3D digital models of all the Heliconiini brains, the researchers confirmed they were indeed looking at mushroom body size, and not a decrease in other brain regions.In our patient cohort, median EOR was 100 % in those patients having undergone surgical decompression. In this subgroup of six patients, the two patients with the longest survival presented with a KPS of 90, and maintained this KPS at the conclusion of XRT. The two patients to have received palliative measures only (comfort care) had presented with a KPS of 70. The final two patients in this subgroup presented with a KPS of 80 and 40, and both had a KPS of 50 at the conclusion of XRT. They survived 265 and 331 days respectively. Further review of this subgroup reveals no obvious relation between tumor volume and outcome. Our results, although limited, suggest that a balanced consideration of functional status as well as tumor burden should influence how aggressively surgical decompression should proceed.

of resection of butterfly glioblastoma Safety and outcomes of resection of butterfly glioblastoma

For behavioral analysis, we computed circular histograms by adding each data point of the optical encoder to the corresponding 10-degree heading bin. The animal’s preferred heading, represented by the mean vector, was computed with the CircStat toolbox in MATLAB. The flight directedness (r) was described with the mean vector strength which ranged between 0 (non-directed) to 1 (highly directed). Distributions of preferred headings of all animals were tested for uniformity with a Rayleigh test and visualized in Oriana (Version 4.01, Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, Wales, UK). Remove any remaining trachea by pulling gently with a curved forceps ( Figure 4G), while pressing the brain down with an insect pin or by using insect pins to scrape them off the brain tissue ( Figure 4H); The patients with the two largest tumor volumes (greater than 100 cm 3) both underwent surgical decompression. One presented with a KPS of 30 at diagnosis and survived just over 1 month. The other patient presented with a KPS of 90 and is still alive 431 days post procedure. EOR was 36.3 and 52.5 % respectively.Tuning directedness of the neurons was quantified by calculating the mean vector length (MVL) of angular tuning (Rayleigh statistics). The MVL of each neuron was statistically compared to a distribution of MVLs generated by a permutation (1,000,000 repetitions). The permutation shuffled the 10-degree bins of the circular plots and computed a MVL after each shuffle. MVL of the real data were significantly longer than the MVLs computed from the shuffled data from each neuron ( p< 0.05; Fig. 1g). In addition to the neuron-wise comparison of MVL and MVLs from the shuffled data, we statistically compared the measured MVLs from all the neurons with the MVLs after shuffling the data from all 113 neurons ( p< 10 −5, W = −10878, n = 147, two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). Functional classification of neurons (HD-index) Daniel P. Cahill, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Butterfly mushroom bodies are typically composed of a visual and an audio region. Scientists were able to identify that, across all brains studied, the areas involved with vision showed the largest growth in brain evolution.