a b Achankeng, Fonkem (2014). "The Foumban "Constitutional" Talks and Prior Intentions of Negotiating: A Historico-Theoretical Analysis of a False Negotiation and the Ramications for Political Developments in Cameroon". Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective. 9: 149. Brubaker’s theme is the nationalization of the political sphere. He highlights the dynamic interaction in the triadic nexus involving national minorities, nationalizing states, and external national homelands. The three entities are far from fixed according to Brubaker, who invites us to stop treating the “nation” as an entity and approach it as “an institutionalized form.” Proponents of modernization theory describe nations as " imagined communities", a term coined by Benedict Anderson. [34] A nation is an imagined community in the sense that the material conditions exist for imagining extended and shared connections and that it is objectively impersonal, even if each individual in the nation experiences themselves as subjectively part of an embodied unity with others. For the most part, members of a nation remain strangers to each other and will likely never meet. [35] Nationalism is consequently seen an " invented tradition" in which shared sentiment provides a form of collective identity and binds individuals together in political solidarity. A nation's foundational "story" may be built around a combination of ethnic attributes, values and principles, and may be closely connected to narratives of belonging. [6] [36] [37] Professor of Government Grzegorz Ekiert, the Center for European Studies’ director, introduced Fukuyama, describing him as one of the nation’s leading public intellectuals over the past 20 years and the author of nine books, including 1992’s “The End of History and the Last Man.” Hodge, Nathan (2011), Armed Humanitarians: The Rise of the Nation Builders, New York: Bloomsbury USA.

Giving up his ambitions and dreams, Patel followed in the footsteps of the Mahatma nursing the cherished desire of freedom. 'I took to this life after mature consideration and not on the spur of the moment' he said of his decision. The confusion over terminology has meant that more recently, nation-building has come to be used in a completely different context, with reference to what has been succinctly described by its proponents as "the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy". [21] In this sense nation-building, better referred to as state-building, describes deliberate efforts by a foreign power to construct or install the institutions of a national government, according to a model that may be more familiar to the foreign power but is often considered foreign and even destabilizing. [22] In this sense, state-building is typically characterized by massive investment, military occupation, transitional government, and the use of propaganda to communicate governmental policy. [23] [24] Role of education [ edit ]On 15th August, 1947, in an unexpected twist in the saga of Accession, the Nawab of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan. Francis Fukuyama, who in 1992 famously predicted “the end of history” because liberal democracies and free market economies suggested an endpoint in the evolution of government, said that external forces can erect the skeleton of state in an embattled country, creating police forces, administrative structures, and taxing authorities. But nation-building goes further and involves a shared sense of national identity, built on elements that tie people together — such as shared culture, language, and history — that cannot be imposed from without.

Travancore had announced that it would assert its right to remain independent. This was cause for anxiety as it was expected that this announcement would cause repercussions and encourage other rulers to follow suit. When an invitation for a meeting of states rulers was sent to the Raja of Travancore, the Government of the state replied that there was no point in their representatives attending the meeting as they had already decided not to accede to India. Patel responded saying that this was no time for people like him to think of rest or retirement. That he ought to consider it his bounden duty to work for the consolidation of freedom. Putting nation ahead of personal interests, at just this one direction from Sardar, Menon came on board to accept the secretaryship of the States Ministry. Together with Sardar Patel, Menon played an instrumental role in the integration of 565 princely states into the Union of India in such a short span of time.

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. Common denominators: Ethnicity, nation-building and compromise in Mauritius (Routledge, 2020). I had never expected that I would see freedom for India in my lifetime. Since that had materialized, my life's ambition was achieved. Further I had been overworked and was feeling the strain. I had not taken a rest for many years' says Menon in his book 'The Integration of Indian States' in respect of the offer made to him by Sardar Patel to take up the Secretaryship of the States Ministry. He conveyed to Sardar that he had planned to retire from Government Service after 15th August 1947.

This pathbreaking book was originally published in 1983. Gellner famously defined nationalism as “primarily a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent” (p. 1). He emphasized the role of industrialization in the emergence and spread of nationalism through the introduction of mass schooling and assimilation into a high culture. Azar Gat also argues China, Korea and Japan were nations by the time of the European Middle Ages. [20] Criticisms [ edit ] Hobsbawm, E.; Ranger, T. (1983). The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Harper, Douglas. "Nation". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 5 June 2011. Finally, the Raja acceded Travancore to the Union of India. V.P. Menon believes that this decision had a distinct impact on other rulers who were still undecided and wavering.Speaking of Vallabhbhai's decision to leave his practice and join the path of satyagraha, Gandhi said 'Vallabhbhai told himself "No doubt my practice is flourishing today. I am also doing something big in the municipality. But the struggle for the peasants in Kheda is bigger than that. My practice may or may not be there tomorrow. My money will be blown tomorrow; those who inherit my money will blow it. Let me leave them a higher legacy than money.' Karloukovski, Vassil (1996). Srednovekovni gradovi i tvrdini vo Makedonija. Ivan Mikulčiḱ (Skopje, Makedonska civilizacija, 1996) Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македонија. Иван Микулчиќ (Скопје, Македонска цивилизација, 1996)[ Medieval cities and fortresses in Macedonia. Ivan Mikulcic (Skopje, Macedonian Civilization, 1996)] (in Macedonian). Kroraina.com. p.72. ISBN 978-9989756078. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020 . Retrieved 11 February 2015. Nation-states strictly enforce institutionalized criteria for naturalization, known as citizenship regimes. Citizenship regimes reflect specific understandings of who may be a legitimate member of the nation. Nation-states in which the core nation is conceived as a primordial ethno-cultural community tend to adopt citizen regimes based on a principle of jus sanguinis (“right of blood”), which allocates citizenship based on the individual’s organic ties (through family decent) to the national community and the homeland. In contrast, citizenship allocation based on a principle of jus soli (“right of the soil”) presupposes a civic-republican conception of the core nation, according to which national membership depends on acquiring, through socialization, loyalty to state institutions and acceptance of a shared political culture. Nationalization Hippler, Jochen, ed. (2005). Nation-building: a key concept for peaceful conflict transformation?. translated by Barry Stone. London: Pluto. ISBN 978-0745323367. James, Paul (1996). Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. Vol.1. London: SAGE Publications.