Hawkins, S.J. & Hartnoll, R.G., 1985. Factors determining the upper limits of intertidal canopy-forming algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 20, 265-271. Fecundity, determined as the ratio of fertile female gametes to total number of female gametes, was totally inhibited at 20 °C (and 4 °C in those obtained from the field in July and November). Although application of COI has some limitation, it revealed in our study for the Portuguese samples (AMO) a unique mitochondrial haplotype. These results are consistent with the genetic differentiation based on SNPs of the nearby population (CAS) given in Guzinski etal. (2020). Overall, the consistencies between SNPs and COI detected here indicate some deep evolutionary roots that emphasize the unique genetic composition of warm edge populations. 4.4 Habitat-specific signatures in Saccharina latissima?

To document the seasonal pattern of reproduction of S. latissima in inner Danish waters, with the hypothesis that the seasonal pattern of sori formation in S. latissima in Danish waters is similar to the generally described pattern in North Atlantic waters, where S. latissima is reproductive during winter Davison, I.R., Greene, R.M. & Podolak, E.J., 1991. Temperature acclimation of respiration and photosynthesis in the brown alga Laminaria saccharina. Marine Biology, 110, 449-454.

1 Introduction

As mentioned earlier, the Lattissima range by De’Longhi and Creatista range by Breville are both premium Nespresso models with built in milk frothing. Given that the price points are similar, it is worth understanding the differences to see which one you may prefer. The Creatista Plus and Pro can both make cappuccinos, lattes, latte macchiatos and flat whites. Only the Gran Lattissima has all of those options. Lane, C.E., Mayes, C., Druehl, L.D. & Saunders, G.W., 2006. A multi-gene molecular investigation of the kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) supports substantial taxonomic re-organization. Journal of Phycology, 42, 493-512. Peters, A.F. & Schaffelke, B., 1996. Streblonema (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) infection in the kelp Laminaria saccharina in the western Baltic. Hydrobiologia, 326/327, 111-116. The external egg is fertilized by the motile sperm and the resultant zygote eventually develops into the new sporophyte.

Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2016. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/146yiz accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.Therefore, both short term acute changes and longer term, chronic changes may have an adverse effect on populations of Saccharina latissima and an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded accordingly. Recovery should be high because the species rapidly colonizes cleared areas of the substratum. Kain (1975) recorded that Saccharina latissima (studied as Laminaria saccharina) was abundant six months after substratum was cleared. In the laboratory, under optimal conditions, it took at least eight months to reach the size of fertile plants in the field with blades between 1-2 m long (Gerard, unpublished, cited in Gerard & Du Bois, 1988).