Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xie Z, Wu W, Zhang D. Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Public Health Nutrition. 2015;18(15):2804-2814. doi:10.1017/s1368980014003115 Vitamin E may have antagonist activity with respect to vitamin K. K, and so may increase the tendancy to bleeding.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) includes the vitamin E you get from both the food you eat and any supplements you take.

Distribution of vitamin E to tissues, via the lymphatic system, occurs as a lipoprotein complex. High concentrations of vitamin E are found in the adrenals, pituitary, testes and thrombocytes. Chylomicron remnants, containing newly absorbed vitamin E, are taken up by the liver. Vitamin E is secreted from the liver in very low density lipoproteins. Plasma vitamin E concentrations depend upon the secretion of vitamin E from the liver. For the conditions described below, the results of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) do not always concur with the observational evidence. [2] This could be a matter of amount. Observational studies compare low consumers to high consumers based on intake from food. Diets higher in vitamin E may contain other compounds that convey health benefits, or be consumed by people who make non-diet lifestyle choices that lower disease risk, so that the observed effect may not be due to the vitamin E content. Meanwhile, many of the published RCTs used amounts of alpha-tocopherol 20X to 30X higher than what can be achieved from food. [8] Declining supplement use [ edit ]

Antioxidant vitamins as dietary supplements have been proposed as having benefits if consumed during pregnancy. For the combination of vitamin E with vitamin C supplemented to pregnant women, a Cochrane review concluded that the data do not support vitamin E supplementation – majority of trials alpha-tocopherol at 400 IU/day plus vitamin C at 1,000mg/day – as being efficacious for reducing risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, preterm birth, preeclampsia or any other maternal or infant outcomes, either in healthy women or those considered at risk for pregnancy complications. [103] The review identified only three small trials in which vitamin E was supplemented without co-supplementation with vitamin C. None of these trials reported any clinically meaningful information. [103] Skin Care [ edit ] For prostate cancer, there are also conflicting results. A meta-analysis based on serum alpha-tocopherol content reported an inverse correlation, with the difference between lowest and highest a 21% reduction in relative risk. [75] In contrast, a meta-analysis of observational studies reported no relationship for dietary vitamin E intake. [76] There were also conflicting results from large RCTs. The ATBC trial administered placebo or 50mg/day alpha-tocopherol to male tobacco smokers for 5 to 8 years and reported a 32% decrease in the incidence of prostate cancer. [77] Conversely, the SELECT trial of selenium and vitamin E for prostate cancer enrolled men ages 55 or older, mostly non-smokers, to consume a placebo or a 400 IU/day dietary supplement. It reported relative risk as a statistically significant 17% higher for the vitamin group. [78]Traber MG, Bruno RS (2020). "Vitamin E". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp.115–36. ISBN 978-0-323-66162-1. Saremi A, Arora R. Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease. Am J Ther. 2010 May-Jun;17(3):e56-65. doi:10.1097/MJT.0b013e31819cdc9a Antioxidants. AskMayoExpert. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2017. Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2014 Mar 19;311(11):1161]. JAMA. 2014;311(1):33-44. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282834

Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Do not increase your dose or take it more often than recommended. Taking too much vitamin E may increase your risk of side effects. Cui R, Liu ZQ, Xu Q (2014). "Blood α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol levels and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e93044. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...993044C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093044. PMC 3965522. PMID 24667740. Yang CS, Luo P, Zeng Z, Wang H, Malafa M, Suh N. Vitamin E and cancer prevention: Studies with different forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Mol Carcinog. 2020 Apr;59(4):365-389. doi:10.1002/mc.23160 Ju J, Picinich SC, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Suh N, Kong AN, Yang CS. Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Carcinogenesis. 2010 Apr;31(4):533-42. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp205

Taking higher doses of vitamin E might increase the risk of side effects. Also, there is concern that people in poor health who take high doses of vitamin E are at increased risk of death. In a 2022 update of an earlier report, the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommended against the use of vitamin E supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer, concluding there was insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms, yet also concluding with moderate certainty that there is no net benefit of supplementation. [68] Niki E, Traber MG (November 2012). "A history of vitamin E". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 61 (3): 207–12. doi: 10.1159/000343106. PMID 23183290. S2CID 25667777. a b c Kirmizis D, Chatzidimitriou D (2009). "Antiatherogenic effects of vitamin E: the search for the Holy Grail". Vascular Health and Risk Management. 5: 767–74. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.s5532. PMC 2747395. PMID 19774218. Schürks M, Glynn RJ, Rist PM, Tzourio C, Kurth T. Effects of vitamin E on stroke subtypes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010 Nov 4;341:c5702. doi:10.1136/bmj.c5702

Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group (April 1994). "The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers". The New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (15): 1029–35. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199404143301501. PMID 8127329. This is for anyone wanting to get their daily dose of vitamin E in just one vegan capsule. This is a great product if you think you may not be getting enough vitamin E from your diet, you have a condition that reduces your ability to digest fat or to absorb nutrients from food, or simply want to safeguard your antioxidant levels. The U.S. National Academy of Medicine updated estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for vitamin E in 2000. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. Adequate intakes (AIs) are identified when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. The EAR for vitamin E for women and men ages 14 and up is 12mg/day. The RDA is 15mg/day. [3] As for safety, tolerable upper intake levels ("upper limits" or ULs) are set for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. Hemorrhagic effects in rats were selected as the critical endpoint to calculate the upper limit via starting with the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level. The result was a human upper limit set at 1000mg/day. [3] Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes. [3] Vitamin E was discovered in 1922, isolated in 1935, and first synthesized in 1938. Because the vitamin activity was first identified as essential for fertilized eggs to result in live births (in rats), it was given the name "tocopherol" from Greek words meaning birth and to bear or carry. [11] [12] [13] Alpha-tocopherol, either naturally extracted from plant oils or, most commonly, as the synthetic tocopheryl acetate, is sold as a popular dietary supplement, either by itself or incorporated into a multivitamin product, and in oils or lotions for use on skin. [2] [14] Chemistry [ edit ] General chemical structure of tocopherols RRR alpha-tocopherol; chiral points are where the three dashed lines connect to the side chain Vitamin E affects gene expression [26] and is an enzyme activity regulator, such as for protein kinase C (PKC) – which plays a role in smooth muscle growth – with vitamin E participating in deactivation of PKC to inhibit smooth muscle growth. [27] Synthesis [ edit ] Biosynthesis [ edit ]Reboul E, Richelle M, Perrot E, Desmoulins-Malezet C, Pirisi V, Borel P (November 2006). "Bioaccessibility of carotenoids and vitamin E from their main dietary sources". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (23): 8749–55. doi: 10.1021/jf061818s. PMID 17090117. a b Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, etal. (July 2005). "Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 294 (1): 56–65. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.1.56. PMID 15998891. In addition, an analysis of clinical trials found patients who took either synthetic vitamin E or natural vitamin E in doses of 400 IU per day -- or higher -- had an increased risk of dying from all causes, which seems to increase even more at higher doses. Cardiovascular studies also suggest that patients with diabetes or cardiovascular disease who take natural vitamin E at 400 IU per day have an increased risk of heart failure and heart failure-related hospitalization. Eye health: Vitamin E is involved in the development of certain conditions that affect vision, such as macular degeneration. More research is needed to find out whether supplementation may be beneficial ( 6). Composition of Foods Raw, Processed, Prepared USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20" (PDF). USDA. February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2012.