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Little penguins are found in New Zealand (where they are also known as little blue penguins), and Australia (where they are also known as fairy penguins).

a b c d e f g h i j k l Baker, A. J; Pereira, S. L.; Haddrath, O. P; Edge, K.-A. (2006). "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (#1582): 11–7. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMC 1560011. PMID 16519228. The yellow-eyed penguin is very tenacious when foraging for food. It will dive as deep as 120 meters (393.70 feet) up to 200 times a day looking for fish, according to the Yellow-Eyed Penguin Trust. Mating & baby penguins Penguin ancestry beyond Waimanu remains unknown and not well-resolved by molecular or morphological analyses. The latter tend to be confounded by the strong adaptive autapomorphies of the Sphenisciformes; a sometimes perceived fairly close relationship between penguins and grebes is almost certainly an error based on both groups' strong diving adaptations, which are homoplasies. On the other hand, different DNA sequence datasets do not agree in detail with each other either. Jadwiszczak, P. (2009). "Penguin past: The current state of knowledge". Polish Polar Research. 30: 3–28. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2014.The northernmost penguin species on the planet, the Galápagos penguin( Spheniscus mendiculus) is a small, but easily identifiable bird that’s closely related to its Magellanic and Humboldt neighbors.

While some biologists may regard two closely-related penguins as being separate species, others regard them as being the same species.)

The chinstrap penguin is found in many locations in the Southern, southern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Areas in which it is found include the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Chile andAntarctica. It is the most abundant penguin on the continent of Antarctica. Emperor penguin not out of the woods yet". 3 News NZ. June 25, 2011. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013 . Retrieved November 21, 2012.

The Fiordland penguin( Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) is a medium-sized crested penguin that’s found only in New Zealand. In te reo Māori, the Fiordland penguin is called tawakior pokotiwha. It is also called the New Zealand crested penguin because its natural range extends beyond the region of Fiordland. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater. They spend about half of their life on land and half in the oceans. Although all penguin species are native to the southern hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galápagos Penguin, lives near the equator. King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus The world’s smallest penguin, the appropriately named little penguin( Eudyptula minor) is a tiny flightless bird that lives in New Zealand and southern Australia. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: King Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020.The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of fish, shrimp and squid. The species will swim 50 miles / 80 km out to see in a single day when hunting. The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae; however, re-examination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae. [26] Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis. [27] Taxonomy Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Similar size to a specimen referred to Delphinornis larseni. Fain, M. G.; Houde, P. (2004). "Parallel Radiations in the Primary Clades of Birds" (PDF). Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–73. doi: 10.1554/04-235. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2013.

Fossil evidence shows that penguins evolved before the dinosaurs died out, and there are remains of giant, people-sized, prehistoric penguins. 2. The world’s smallest penguin stands just over 30cm high The Humboldt penguin takes its name from the Humboldt Current, a current of cold water that flows northwards along the western coast of South America. The Humboldt Current itself was discovered by the Prussian naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. Clarke, J. A.; Ksepka; Stucchi; Urbina; Giannini; Bertelli; Narváez; Boyd (2007). "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (#28): 11545–11550. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10411545C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0611099104. PMC 1913862. PMID 17601778. Gorvett, Zaria (December 23, 2015). "If you think penguins are cute and cuddly, you're wrong". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020 . Retrieved March 9, 2020. Penguins and humans The cook on the Endurance preparing an emperor penguin for consumption. An Adélie penguin encountering a human during the Antarctic summer

Greenpeace has been working with scientists to study penguin colonies in the Antarctic, and they’ve made some scary findings. Penguin numbers in the colonies they studied have dropped by almost 60% – with some colonies losing as much as 77% of their population since they were last counted in the early 1970s. The scientists here are talking about a ‘fundamentally changed’ ecosystem, and say that all the evidence they have points to climate change as the main culprit. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Yellow-eyed Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. Gentoo penguins “porpoise” by jumping out of the water. They can move faster through air than water, so will often porpoise to escape from a predator. Karleskint, George (2012). Introduction to Marine Biology. Cengage Publishing. p.30. ISBN 978-1285402222. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020 . Retrieved August 15, 2018.