Many amateur radio repeaters identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications. Smith, W.W.; Dawley, Ray L.; etal., eds. (1940). The "Radio" Handbook (7thed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Editors and Engineers Ltd. p.178 . Retrieved 18 July 2022. An obituary for Morse code". The Economist. 23 January 1999. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.

People learning Morse code using the Farnsworth method are taught to send and receive letters and other symbols at their full target speed, that is with normal relative timing of the dits, dahs, and spaces within each symbol for that speed. The Farnsworth method is named for Donald R. "Russ" Farnsworth, also known by his call sign, W6TTB. However, initially exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used, to give "thinking time" to make the sound "shape" of the letters and symbols easier to learn. The spacing can then be reduced with practice and familiarity. There are two sets of handbooks, one for those commencing their studies in 2022-23 or later and one set for those that started their programme before 2022/23. If you took a period of temporary withdrawal or resit without residence, then you are governed by the regulations in force at the time your commenced your course in this department and the modules available to you are listed in the for the cohort you are studying with. In year two the statistics, economics and OR are developed further, and there is a wide range of optional modules. At the end of year two, you finalise your choice between the three-year MORSE degree and the four-year MMORSE (the latter requiring you averaged of least 60% and took the module ST221 on linear statistical modelling). Final years: Because Morse code is usually sent by hand, it is unlikely that an operator could be that precise with the dit length, and the individual characteristics and preferences of the operators usually override the standards.

What students say

Using different character and text speeds is, in fact, a common practice, and is used in the Farnsworth method of learning Morse code. In aviation, pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters (usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name) in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. For example, the VOR-DME based at Vilo Acuña Airport in Cayo Largo del Sur, Cuba is identified by " UCL", and Morse code UCL is repeatedly transmitted on its radio frequency. The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around 1920. Until 2003, the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2003 made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. [39] Many countries subsequently removed the Morse requirement from their licence requirements. [40] Morse code recorded on the 40meter ham radio band (31sec). For commercial radiotelegraph licenses in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission specifies tests for Morse code proficiency in words per minute and in code groups per minute. [58] :§13.207(c), §13.209(d) The FCC specifies that a "word" is 5characters long. The Commission specifies Morse code test elements at 16code groups per minute, 20words per minute, 20code groups per minute, and 25words per minute. [58] :§13.203(b) The word per minute rate would be close to the PARIS standard, and the code groups per minute would be close to the CODEX standard.

Specifying the dit duration is, however, not the common practice. Usually, speeds are stated in words per minute. That introduces ambiguity because words have different numbers of characters, and characters have different dit lengths. It is not immediately clear how a specific word rate determines the dit duration in milliseconds.Fastest speed for a Morse code transmission". Guinnessworldrecords.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017. Gerke changed many of the codepoints, in the process doing away with the different length dashes and different inter-element spaces of American Morse, leaving only two coding elements, the dot and the dash. Codes for German umlauted vowels and CH were introduced. Gerke's code was adopted in Germany and Austria in 1851. [23] Kelpin, V. (1984/92) Birthing pain, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 93–103. The curriculum is build on the principle that module choices get more and more flexible as you progress through the degree. On top of that, you may choose to 'overload' and study additional options from an even wider range or modules (e.g. foreign languages). Year 1 Perera, Tom. "The "Morse" code and the continental code". W1TP Telegraph & Scientific Instruments Museums. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011.

However, there was little aeronautical radio in general use during World War I, and in the 1920s, there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris in 1927. Once he and the Spirit of St. Louis were off the ground, Lindbergh was truly incommunicado and alone. Morse code in aviation began regular use in the mid-1920s. By 1928, when the first airplane flight was made by the Southern Cross from California to Australia, one of its four crewmen was a radio operator who communicated with ground stations via radio telegraph. Morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways: Originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire, but later extended to an audio tone, a radio signal with short and long tones, or high and low tones, or as a mechanical, audible, or visual signal (e.g. a flashing light) using devices like an Aldis lamp or a heliograph, a common flashlight, or even a car horn. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dah. Although previous transmitters were bulky and the spark gap system of transmission was dangerous and difficult to use, there had been some early attempts: In 1910, the U.S. Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane. [24] However the first regular aviation radiotelegraphy was on airships, which had space to accommodate the large, heavy radio equipment then in use. The same year, 1910, a radio on the airship America was instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew. [25] Maritime Radio Historical Society". radiomarine.org. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 December 2017. Prosigns". QTH.Com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 January 2015– via QSL.net.Prosigns for Morse code are special (usually) unwritten procedural signals or symbols that are used to indicate changes in communications protocol status or white space text formatting actions. Instructions for Learning International Morse Characters. War Department. 1943. pp.52, 68–72. TM 11-459. While the Federal Communications Commission no longer requires Morse code for amateur radio licenses, the old requirements were similar to the requirements for commercial radiotelegraph licenses. [58] :§97.503, 1996