Hairston, Rachel; Madelyn Larsen (2004). The Essentials of Horsekeeping. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 77. ISBN 0-8069-8817-7. OCLC 53186526. The internal surface of the hoof wall is concave and consists of thin primary epidermal lamellae. I will show you the different structures from a horse hoof. You may ask me the basic difference between the horse and cow’s bones. Great, I love to answer you. The main differences between horse and cow bones are – The muscles of a horse are well developed and tightly attached to bones. You will find similar types of muscles in horse body as you found in cow or goat. I have published an article on an animal muscle that will help you understand and identify the muscles from the animal body. Befuddling Birth: The Case of the Mule's Foal". NPR.org. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06 . Retrieved 2008-08-16.

The first cervical vertebra is called the atlas and together with the occiput, creates an up and down motion of the head, with slight lateral rotation. The second cervical vertebra is called the axis, and together with the atlas, results in rotation of the head. Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere [7] [10] and each August1 in the Southern Hemisphere. [11] The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age. [12] Smith, BP (1996). Large Animal Internal Medicine (Seconded.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. pp.1086–1087. ISBN 0-8151-7724-0. OCLC 33439780.

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Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/ Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, and Baojun. [217] [218] [219] Indian TVS Motor Company also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters. Home". The Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10 . Retrieved 2008-04-03. Price, Steven D.; Shiers, Jessie (2007). The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary (Reviseded.). Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. p.231. ISBN 978-1-59921-036-0.

There is a lot of variation found in the horse intestine. You will find a big comma-shaped cecum in the horse digestive tract. A horse’s colon is also a big tube and has several folds or parts. You will find the right ventral, sternal flexure, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal, left ventral, left dorsal, transverse colon, and pelvic flexure in the horse colon. a b Olsen, Sandra L. (1996). "Horse Hunters of the Ice Age". Horses Through Time (Firsted.). Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 1-57098-060-8. OCLC 36179575. Each forelimb of the horse runs from the scapula (shoulder blade) to the navicular bone (bone in the hoof). The bones and joints in between include:Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

Thomas, Heather Smith (2003). Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-58017-467-1. These are the first ways to differentiate horse bones from cow bones. But if you want to identify any specific bone-like scapula or humerus of a horse, then you might know their characteristics features and compare them with other animal’s bones. Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains. The spinous process of axis vertebrae is divided into two parts by two ridges and projected caudally.

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Let’s find some special osteological features from forelimb and leg bone of horse anatomy. Bones of fore limbs from horse The tongue of the horse is spatula-shaped, and the body is narrow. You will find the torus linguae in cattle tongue, but there are no torus linguae in horse tongue. A horse’s esophagus has three parts – cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. The abdominal part of the esophagus is so small in a horse compared to a cow. Figure 1. Horse anatomy – a schematic representation of the 7 cervical vertebrae extending from the base of the skull to the first thoracic vertebrae, where the rib cage begins. Note the difference in shape of the atlas and axis compared with the rest of the vertebrae and rudimentary spinous processes present on the sixth and seventh vertebrae. Also note that the lamellar part of the nuchal ligament does not connect to the first and seventh vertebrae, allowing for more rotation in those regions.

Bones of the lower limb, present in both the front and hind legs, include the cannon bone (3rd metacarpal/3rd metatarsal), splint bones (2nd and 4th metacarpal/metatarsal), proximal sesamoid bones, long pastern (proximal or 1st phalanx), short pastern (middle or 2nd phalanx), coffin bone (distal or 3rd phalanx), and navicular bone (distal sesamoid). There are usually slight differences in these bones when comparing the front and the hind. The 3rd metatarsal is about 1/6 longer than the 3rd metacarpal. Similarly, the 2nd and 4th metatarsals are longer in length when compared to their front-end counterpart. In the hindlimb, the 1st phalanx is shorter and the 2nd phalanx is longer than in the frontlimb. In addition, the 2nd and 3rd phalanx are narrower in the hind limb. The angle created by these three bones in the hindleg is steeper by about 5 degrees, therefore making the pastern angle steeper behind than in front. Briggs, Karen (2013-12-11). "Equine Sense of Smell". The Horse. Archived from the original on 2018-02-01 . Retrieved 2013-12-15. Gifford, Angela (2000) [1998]. "Working Draught Horses as Singles and Pairs". The Working Horse Manual. Tonbridge, UK: Farming Press. p.85. ISBN 0-85236-401-6. OCLC 40464050. Mau, C.; Poncet, P. A.; Bucher, B.; Stranzinger, G.; Rieder, S. (2004). "Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal condition in the horse ( Equus caballus)". Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 121 (6): 374–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x.

The Horse

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. [96] They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. [97] Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. [96] One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four. [98] The axial skeleton contains the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The sternum consists of multiple sternebrae, which fuse to form one bone, attached to the 8 "true" pairs of ribs, out of a total of 18. Each hind limb of the horse runs from the pelvis to the navicular bone. The bones and the joints in between include: You will find many peculiar characteristics in the horse anatomy digestive system. I will provide some peculiar anatomical features from the horse’s digestive system. Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12USgal) per day. [241] Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable. [242]