Fiebich BL, Chrubasik S. Effects of an ethanolic salix extract on the release of selected inflammatory mediators in vitro. Phytomedicine 2004;11:135-8. View abstract. Steinegger, E. and Hovel, H. [Analytic and biologic studies on Salicaceae substances, expecially on salicin. II. Biological study]. Pharm Acta Helv. 1972;47:222-234. View abstract. Schmid B, Ludtke R, Selbmann HK, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a standardized willow bark extract in patients with osteoarthritis: randomized placebo-controlled, double blind clinical trial. Phytother Res 2001;15:344-50. View abstract.

Fiebich BL, Appel K. Anti-inflammatory effects of willow bark extract. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:96. View abstract. Wagner I, Greim C, Laufer S, et al. Influence of willow bark extract on cyclooxygenase activity and on tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin 1 beta release in vitro and ex vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;73:272-4. View abstract. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule declaring dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated because they present an unreasonable risk; Final rule. Fed Regist 2004;69:6787-6854. View abstract. Henderson continued: “Seeing everyone’s life move on and their kids and her friends getting older while we stay still; always with a six-year-old who will never get her front teeth is devastating.”Kammerer, B., Kahlich, R., Biegert, C., Gleiter, C. H., and Heide, L. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of willow bark extracts contained in pharmaceutical preparations. Phytochem Anal. 2005;16:470-478. View abstract.

D'Agati V. Does aspirin cause acute or chronic renal failure in experimental animals and in humans? Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28:S24-9. View abstract. Newcastle city council offered an “unreserved apology” to Ella’s parents and admitted the tree should have been felled long before she was killed. Clark JH, Wilson WG. A 16-day-old breast-fed infant with metabolic acidosis caused by salicylate. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1981;20:53-4. View abstract.Children: Willow bark is possibly unsafe when taken by mouth for viral infections such as colds and flu. There is some concern that, like aspirin, it might increase the risk of developing Reye syndrome. Stay on the safe side and don't use willow bark in children. In passing the sentence, she advised it was not intended to reflect the “tragic” loss suffered by Ella’s family and said it would be “unjust” not to consider that a fine would effectively be taken from the people of Newcastle, who “have done nothing wrong”. Hyson MI. Anticephalgic photoprotective premedicated mask. A report of a successful double-blind placebo-controlled study of a new treatment for headaches with associated frontalis pain and photophobia. Headache 1998;38:475-477. She described having an empty place at the table and an empty bed in a holiday cottage, which were a “constant reminder, not that we will ever need one, that she’s not here”. Biegert C, Wagner I, Ludtke R, et al. Efficacy and safety of willow bark extract in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: results of 2 randomized double-blind controlled trials. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2121-30. View abstract.

She said: “There was not one thing we would have changed. We had two happy, healthy, little girls who were just the best of friends and life was amazing. Dulloo AG, Miller DS. Ephedrine, caffeine and aspirin: "over-the-counter" drugs that interact to stimulate thermogenesis in the obese. Nutrition 1989;5:7-9. Sweeney, K. R., Chapron, D. J., Brandt, J. L., Gomolin, I. H., Feig, P. U., and Kramer, P. A. Toxic interaction between acetazolamide and salicylate: case reports and a pharmacokinetic explanation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;40:518-524. View abstract. Kidney disease: Willow bark might reduce blood flow through the kidneys. This might lead to kidney failure in some people. If you have kidney disease, don't use willow bark.

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Akao, T., Yoshino, T., Kobashi, K., and Hattori, M. Evaluation of salicin as an antipyretic prodrug that does not cause gastric injury. Planta Med 2002;68:714-718. View abstract. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Labeling for oral and rectal over-the-counter drug products containing aspirin and nonaspirin salicylates; Reye's Syndrome warning. Final rule. Fed Regist 2003;68:18861-9. View abstract. Little CV, Parsons T. Herbal therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;:CD002947. View abstract.