proposed an aqueous and catechol-free strategy to prepare robust underwater adhesives by using biomass pulping residues lignosulfonate (LS) and the economic industrial additive polyamide amine-epichlorohydrin (PAE-Cl) to prepare robust underwater adhesives ( Fig. However, due to the existence of the hydration layer, the interaction between the hydrogel and the adherend surface is seriously hindered, and the underwater adhesion ability of the hydrogel is severely weakened. By applying a certain external force, the sensor is bonded to the adherend fixed underwater, after which the sensor is retracted until the hydrogel and the adherend are completely detached.

underwater adhesive | Nature Bio-inspired reversible underwater adhesive | Nature

There are high contents of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in the seawater environment, which can act as coordinating ions in the hydrogel.In contrast, sol-type hydrogels, as a liquid underwater adhesive, have strong underwater adhesion due to good fluidity and interfacial contact.

Underwater Repair Adhesives - Aquabond

Suhail's background includes working at a leading home emergency repair company dealing with trades people. B) Hydrogels with hexagonal microstructures inspired by tree-frog footpads that can repel the hydration layers. We hope that the insights we have provided can offer inspiration and valuable references for the design and fabrication of underwater adhesion hydrogels.This fast and strong underwater curing property is superior to the bonding properties of many other reported mussel-inspired adhesives.